According to a poll conducted by Gallup between June 23 and July 6, 2020, 11% of American adults said that they had “participated in a protest about racial justice and inequality” in the past 30 days ( Long and McCarthy, 2020), indicating a greater level of expressed support than seen for previous BLM protests. 1 While estimating the exact number of people involved in the 2020 Black Lives Matter protests is difficult, they were likely the largest in American history ( Buchanan et al., 2020). Black Lives Matter (BLM) was officially founded by Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors, and Opal Tometi as a Black-centered political movement in 2013 in response to the acquittal of George Zimmerman in the shooting of Trayvon Martin in 2012. These protests sparked continued interest in the Black Lives Matter movement's demands for racial justice. Their deaths embodied the systematic racism Black Americans experience in the United States. In the summer of 2020, protests erupted in the United States in reaction to the murders of Breonna Taylor and George Floyd. We claim that this overestimation is a byproduct of the misidentification of interest as identity. These findings suggest that collective identity plays a weaker role in driving collective action than previously suggested. In addition, higher levels of interest in the protest increases an individuals chance of participating in a protest, while levels of collective identity do not have a significant effect. There is little observed effect of participation on subsequent collective identity. Using a novel dataset of Twitter users who participated in Black Lives Matter protests during the summer of 2020, we find that contingent on participating in a protest, individuals have higher levels of interest in BLM on the day of and the days following the protest. We argue that these quantities have been conflated in previous research, causing over estimation of the role of collective identity in protest behavior. In this paper, we clearly differentiate between interest and collective identity to isolate the individual level signals of collective action. Quantitative studies, however, are inconsistent in defining and operationalizing collective identity, making it difficult to understand under what conditions and to what extent collective identity explains participation. 2Luskin School of Public Affairs, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United Statesĭoes collective identity drive protest participation? A long line of research argues that collective identity can explain why protesters do not free ride and how specific movement strategies are chosen. 1Division of Humanities and Social Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States.An online table shows PLSS Cadastral National Spatial Data Infrastructure (CadNSDI) data set availability.Claudia Kann 1 * Sarah Hashash 1 Zachary Steinert-Threlkeld 2 R. Use the "Add Data" tool at the top of the map.įor GIS users, PLSS data layers are available through the BLM’s REST service endpoint. The National Map Viewer displays "BLM Public Land Survey System (PLSS)". US Topo maps published 2013-present have a Public Land Survey System layer that can be turned on and off. US Topo maps published 2009-2012 do not include any PLSS data. PLSS was created to divide parcels of public land it is not useful for the accurate location of points and should not be confused with coordinate systems like latitude/longitude, UTM, or the State Plane Coordinate System.įor states that have Public Land Surveys:Īlmost all historical topographic maps (1884-2006) include PLSS tic marks or gridlines. Sections can be further subdivided into quarter sections, quarter-quarter sections, or irregular government lots. Townships are subdivided into 36 one-mile-square sections. The PLSS typically divides land into 6-mile-square townships. PLSS surveys, which are available for portions of land in 30 southern and western states, are made by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). The Public Land Survey System (PLSS) is a way of subdividing and describing land in the United States.
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